在“双碳”背景下,电热供暖成为主流供暖方式。大量电热负荷接入会增大配电网运行压力,因此需要对配电网进行扩展规划。传统的规划方法难以解决含大量电热-电蓄热设备的灵活配电网规划问题。因此,提出一种考虑电热-电蓄热设备接入的配电网低碳规划方法。首先,根据采暖建筑最佳室温,综合考虑风速等多方面因素建立采暖建筑室内温度时变方程,根据方程求解获得规划场景下精确热负荷需求;其次,结合热负荷需求及各时段风、光电源出力特性,以碳排放量最低为目标优化蓄热电锅炉运行方式;最后,将负载率极差与方差加权和作为配电网均匀性指标,以综合成本和系统均匀性为目标对配电网进行多目标扩展规划。采用嵌套的混合粒子群优化算法进行求解,引入动态惯性权重增强粒子群算法寻优能力。以东北某地实际数据对电热-电蓄热接入场景下的配电网进行仿真,验证了所提方法的有效性。

In the context of “carbon emission peaks and carbon neutrality,” electric heating has become the mainstream heating method. Electric heating loads typically increase the operating pressure of the distribution network; therefore, it is necessary to expand the distribution network. Traditional planning methods have difficulty in solving the problem of flexible distribution network planning with a large number of electric heating-electric heat storage devices. Therefore, a low-carbon expansion planning method for a distribution network considering access to electric heating-electric heat storage devices is proposed. First, based on the optimal room temperature for heating buildings, wind speed and other factors were comprehensively considered to derive a temperature time-varying equation and solve it to obtain the heat load demand. Next, the output characteristics of the heat load demand, wind power, and photovoltaic power were used during the planning process to optimize the operation mode of the thermal storage electric boiler to achieve the lowest carbon emissions. Finally, the range and variance of the load rate was used as the uniformity index of the distribution network, and the multiobjective expansion plan for the distribution network was carried out to achieve comprehensive cost and line load rate uniformity. A case study was solved using a nested hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm, which introduces a dynamic inertia weight to enhance the optimization ability of particle swarm optimization. Actual data from a specific area in Northeast China were used in the case studies to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

近年来，面对全球气候问题及传统化石能源匮乏带来的挑战，各国陆续提出节能减排和鼓励可再生能源发展的战略目标。碳市场、可再生能源配额制是实现碳减排和促进可再生能源消纳的重要市场手段。作为CO2排放主要责任主体，电力系统低碳绿色转型是助力“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的关键环节，电-碳-配额制耦合将有利于更大程度上促进CO2减排与可再生能源消纳。首先，分析了电力市场与碳市场、电力市场与可再生能源配额制之间的交互机理；其次，从交易机制设计、交易优化、市场交易技术等角度归纳电-碳-配额制耦合交易的研究现状；再次，阐述了碳市场及配额制的国内外实施现状与机制，反映各国减排政策环境；最后，梳理了当前国内电-碳-配额制耦合机制建设面临的挑战和堵点，对电力市场、碳市场与配额制协同发展提出展望，以期为我国耦合交易机制建设提供参考，助力“双碳”目标的实现。

Recently, in the face of global climate problems and challenges posed by the scarcity of conventional fossil energy sources, governments have successively proposed strategic goals for energy conservation, emission reduction, and support for renewable energy development. The carbon emissions market and renewable portfolio standards are important market tools for reducing carbon emissions and promoting renewable energy consumption. As the main responsible body of CO2 emission, the low-carbon green transformation of power system is the key link to help the “carbon peak, carbon neutral” target, and the coupling of electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio standard will help to promote CO2 emission reduction and renewable energy consumption to a greater extent. First, it analyzes the interaction mechanism between the electricity and carbon markets and the electricity and renewable portfolio standards. Second, it summarizes the current research status of coupled electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio trading from the perspectives of trading mechanism design, trading optimization, and market trading technology. Furthermore, this study describes the current status and mechanisms of the domestic and international implementation of carbon markets and renewable portfolio standards to reflect the policy environment for emissions reduction in different countries. Finally, the challenges and limitations faced by the construction of Chinas electricity-carbon-renewable portfolio-coupling mechanism are sorted out. In addition, the prospect of the synergistic development of the electricity market, carbon market, and renewable portfolio standards is proposed to provide a reference for constructing Chinas coupling trading mechanism and help achieve the goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality.”

为应对化石燃料日益短缺问题和全球气候变化带来的一系列威胁，实现“双碳”目标，风电、光伏等可再生能源在电网中的接入比例不断提高。然而，可再生能源发电具有随机性和不可控性，且接入位置分散，增加了电力系统安全稳定运行的难度。虚拟电厂(virtual power plant，VPP)的提出为上述问题提供了可行路径。总结并阐述了虚拟电厂的概念、分类，比较了虚拟电厂与微电网的主要区别，分别从协调控制、资源聚合与优化调度、参与电力市场等角度对现有研究进行分析并总结归纳，进一步以区块链、数字孪生技术为例，分析数字技术在虚拟电厂中的应用，最后指出适合我国国情的虚拟电厂发展前景以及未来可能面临的挑战。

In order to cope with the increasing shortage of fossil fuels and a series of threats brought by global climate change, and achieve the goal of “dual carbon”, the proportion of renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaic power in the grid has been continuously increased. However, the renewable energy power generation is random and uncontrollable, and the access location is scattered, which increases the difficulty of safe and stable operation of the power system. The introduction of virtual power plant (VPP)provides a feasible path for the above problems. The concept and classification of VPP was summarized and expounded. Moreover, the main differences between VPP and microgrid were compared. The existing researches from the perspectives of coordinated control, resource aggregation and optimal scheduling, and participation in the electricity market were analyzed and summarized. Taking the blockchain and digital twin technologies as examples, the applications of digital technologies in VPP were analyzed. Finally, the development prospects of VPP suitable for China’s national conditions and the challenges that may be faced in the future were pointed out.

“30·60”双碳背景下,将现有绿色证书交易、碳交易和需求响应机制实现联动,更能反映可再生能源低碳属性,实现系统低碳经济性。该文提出考虑绿证-碳联合交易与需求响应综合能源系统经济运行策略。首先,引入绿色证书交易和碳交易机制,通过绿色证书碳减排机理,联动绿色证书交易与碳交易;其次,引入需求响应机制,优化用户用能行为,促进可再生能源消纳,提高绿色证书和碳交易收益;最后,提出以购能成本、绿色证书交易成本、碳交易成本和需求响应补偿成本之和最小为目标的经济运行策略。算例结果证明：在综合能源系统中引入绿色证书交易、碳交易和需求响应机制具有优越的低碳经济性。

Under the“30·60”dual carbon background, the existing green certificate trading, carbon trading and demand response mechanisms will be linked, which can better reflect the low-carbon attributes of renewable energy and achieve low-carbon economy of the system. This paper constructs an economic operation strategy for an integrated energy system considering green certificate-carbon joint trading and demand response. Firstly, the green certificate trading and carbon trading mechanism is introduced, through the green certificate carbon emission reduction mechanism, the green certificate trading and carbon trading are linked; then the demand response mechanism is introduced to optimize the user's energy consumption behavior, promote the consumption of renewable energy, and improve the profitability of green certificate and carbon trading. Finally, an economic operation strategy aiming at minimizing the sum of energy purchase cost, green certificate transaction cost, carbon transaction cost and demand response compensation cost is proposed. The calculation example results prove that the introduction of green certificate trading, carbon trading and demand response mechanisms in the integrated energy system has superior low-carbon economy.

为了解决目前可再生能源交易中存在的交易制度不成熟,绿色证书制度在鼓励可再生能源并网、缓解财政补贴压力等方面的表现不佳,现行的碳市场对促进减排效果不明显等问题,提出基于区块链的绿证和碳交易市场联合激励机制,利用区块链具有的去中心化、公开透明等特性,与可再生能源交易市场结合,使可再生能源市场更加透明、方便、安全。为了激励对减排做出贡献的市场主体,对区块链中的共识算法进行了研究,提出了适用于联盟链的PoCT(proof of carbon token)共识算法,激励市场主体参与到可再生能源产品交易中,同时解决传统权益证明(proof of stake,PoS)共识机制中的N@S攻击问题以及奖励分配的公平性问题。仿真结果表明,PoCT可以有效地激励可再生能源交易,并且具有较高的效率。

在国家“双碳”战略目标、欧盟碳排放交易体系改革的双重驱动下，我国制造业实施节能、减污、降碳协同增效，尽快实现低碳和零碳转型，成为关注焦点和发展亟需。本文重点探讨了欧盟碳边境调节机制（CBAM）对我国制造业的影响，基于此梳理了近零碳制造体系的概念特征，从关键技术、计量基础、市场驱动力等主要维度出发，详细阐述了近零碳制造体系的核心内容。分别从产品制造、电力供应两方面，提炼了近零碳制造体系的技术发展方向，建议形成“源网荷”碳计量系统以细化碳排放责任；借鉴国外碳市场发展经验并分析我国碳市场发展格局，在理论层面探讨了未来我国碳市场构建路径以促进近零碳制造体系发展。提出的近零碳制造体系实践方案，可为深化“双碳”背景下我国制造业高质量发展、开展CBAM背景下我国制造业低碳转型建设研究提供先导性和基础性参考。

The carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals as well as the carbon trading system reforms of the European Union (EU) necessitate the synergy of energy conservation, pollution control, and carbon reduction in China to achieve low- and zero-carbon transformation of its manufacturing industry. This study focuses on the impact of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on China’s manufacturing industry, clarifies the concept of a near-zero-carbon manufacturing system, and elaborates on its core content from the major dimensions of key technologies, measurement basis, and market driving force. It also proposes the technical development directions of the near-zero-carbon manufacturing system from the aspects of product manufacturing and power supply and suggests the establishment of a source-grid-load carbon measurement system to clarify carbon emission responsibilities. Moreover, the future development path for China’s carbon market is explored after reviewing the carbon markets both in China and abroad. The practical solutions proposed by the study is expected to provide a basic reference for promoting the high-quality development and low-carbon transformation of China’s manufacturing industry.