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面向配电网承载力提升的虚拟电厂形态演进：国际前沿与中国路径
Evolution of Virtual Power Plant Paradigms for Enhancing Distribution Network Hosting Capacity: International Frontiers and Chinese Pathways
分布式光伏与新型负荷的规模化接入使配电网承载力不足成为制约新型电力系统发展的关键物理瓶颈。现有虚拟电厂(virtual power plant，VPP)研究多聚焦于商业聚合与调度优化，缺乏对底层配电网运行约束的主动支撑机制的系统性探讨。该文跳出单一的资源聚合视角，提出以配电网承载力提升为导向的VPP四阶段演进分析框架，系统梳理了从VPP 1.0聚合套利到VPP 4.0分层自治的国际前沿实践：VPP 2.0依托智能逆变器本地自治控制缓解电压越限，有效提升配电网静态承载力；VPP 3.0引入动态运行包络线机制实现物理约束与市场优化的解耦，深度挖掘系统的时空动态灵活性；VPP 4.0基于蜂窝能源系统与分布式协同算法应对亿级节点接入下的可扩展性瓶颈。在此基础上，该文结合中国配电网台区化管理体制与海量存量非智能设备的现实国情，提出从物理机能升级、物理-市场解耦到台区蜂窝自治的三阶段中国化演进路径。研究可为中国VPP从商业聚合体向具备配电网物理支撑能力的技术聚合体转型提供理论参考与工程指引。
The large-scale integration of distributed photovoltaics and emerging loads has made limited distribution network hosting capacity a key physical bottleneck to the development of new-type power systems. Existing research on virtual power plants (VPPs) mostly focuses on commercial aggregation and optimal dispatch, lacking a systematic exploration of active support mechanisms for the underlying operational constraints of distribution networks. Stepping out of the single resource aggregation perspective, this paper proposes a four-stage evolutionary analysis framework for VPPs oriented towards enhancing distribution network hosting capacity, and systematically reviews international frontier practices from VPP 1.0 (aggregation arbitrage) to VPP 4.0 (hierarchical autonomy). Specifically, VPP 2.0 relies on the local autonomous control of smart inverters to mitigate voltage violations, effectively enhancing the static hosting capacity of distribution networks; VPP 3.0 introduces the dynamic operating envelope mechanism to decouple physical constraints from market optimization, deeply unlocking the spatiotemporal dynamic flexibility of the system; VPP 4.0 utilizes cellular energy systems and distributed collaborative algorithms to address the scalability bottleneck under the integration of hundreds of millions of nodes. On this basis, considering China’s practical national conditions—specifically the management system based on secondary substation areas (transformer service areas) and the massive scale of legacy non-smart assets, this paper proposes a three-stage localized evolution pathway encompassing physical capability upgrades, physical-market decoupling, and cellular autonomy at the secondary substation level. This research provides theoretical references and engineering guidelines for the transformation of VPPs in China from pure commercial aggregators to technical aggregators equipped with physical support capabilities for distribution networks.
虚拟电厂(VPP) / 配电网承载力 / 形态演进 / 动态运行包络线 / 蜂窝能源系统 / 新型配电系统
virtual power plant (VPP) / distribution network hosting capacity / paradigm evolution / dynamic operating envelope / cellular energy system / new-type distribution system
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