目的 压缩空气储能是大容量、长周期、低成本、高效率的一种储能技术，由于气态压缩空气储能受制于储气室的苛刻要求，无法多场景、规模化推广应用，因此提出一种非补燃液态压缩空气储能系统。 方法 构建了系统理论计算模型，对系统内压缩机级间温度、压缩机级数、透平入口温度等关键参数进行了敏感性分析，同时与非补燃气态压缩空气储能系统进行了对比。 结果 压缩机级间温度过低或过高都会制约系统电-电转化效率的提升；压缩机级数与压缩机耗功呈现正相关趋势，与透平发电功率呈现负相关趋势；在入口压力相同的条件下，透平入口温度越高，发电功率越大，电-电转化效率越高；与非补燃气态储能系统相比，非补燃液态储能密度增加了3.7倍，储气室容积缩小了9/10。 结论 非补燃液态压缩空气储能系统有效解决了储气室的难题，使压缩空气储能技术能够在多场景、规模化推广应用，对火电机组深度调峰及电网大容量储能具有重要意义。

Objectives Compressed air energy storage is a type of energy storage technology with large capacity, long cycle, low cost and high efficiency. Due to the strict requirements of gas storage chambers, gaseous compressed air energy storage cannot be widely promoted and applied in multiple scenarios and on a large scale. Therefore, a non-supplementary combustion liquid compressed air energy storage system was proposed. Methods A theoretical calculation model was constructed to conduct sensitivity analysis on key parameters such as compressor interstage temperature, number of compressor stages, and turbine inlet temperature within the system. The results were compared with those of a non-supplementary combustion gaseous compressed air energy storage system. Results Too low or too high interstage temperature in compressors will restrict the improvement of electric-electric conversion efficiency of the system. The number of compressor stages is positively correlated with compressor power consumption, and negatively correlated with the turbine power generation. Under the same inlet pressure, the higher the inlet air temperature of the turbine is, the larger the power generation is, and the higher the electric-electric conversion efficiency is. Compared with the non-supplementary combustion gaseous energy storage system, the density of non-supplementary combustion liquid energy storage system is increased by 3.7 times, and the volume of the storage chamber is decreased by 9/10. Conclusions The non-supplementary combustion liquid compressed air energy storage system effectively solves the problem of gas storage chambers, enabling compressed air energy storage technology to be promoted and applied in multiple scenarios and on a large scale. It is of great significance for deep peak shaving of thermal power units and large-scale energy storage in power grids.

水下压缩空气储能（underwater compressed air energy storage，UCAES）技术定压储取能，系统能量回收效率高且储能密度大，与海上风电在空间位置上天然契合。为提高UCAES的性能，构建了储取能过程数学模型，模拟分析了影响UCAES性能的关键因素并探索了提效技术。主要研究成果如下：1）针对数学模型的求解难题，提出了以能量回收效率最高作为目标函数和以热回收介质流量作为决策变量的求解方法，确定了空气和热回收介质的最佳质量配比；2）为明确定容和定压压缩空气储能的性能差异，通过对比分析了二者的工作过程，揭示了储罐压力的变化是影响性能的最关键因素，UCAES的能量回收效率和储能密度比定容压缩空气储能分别提高8.25%和120.82%；3）量化分析了设备性能和储能深度对储能性能的影响，指出提高膨胀机效率对能量回收效率的提升更有效，而深度直接决定了储能密度；4）提出了电加热提升膨胀机进气温度的提效技术，该技术提高了系统发电量并产生大量热能，加热用电能中约1/3又转化为电能，约60%转化为可利用热能，为北方濒海城市可再生能源规模化供暖提供了新选择。成果可为后续UCAES工程的建设和推广提供参考，可为海上风电的大规模发展提供坚实支撑。

Underwater compressed air energy storage (UCAES) has high energy recovery efficiency (round-trip efficiency) and energy storage density owing to the storage and release of energy at constant pressure and naturally corresponds to offshore wind power in terms of spatial position. To improve its performance, a mathematical model of UCAES describing the process of energy storage and release is built, the key factors affecting the performance are simulated and analyzed, and some technologies for performance improvement are explored. The main research results are as follows: 1) To solve the mathematical model, the highest energy recovery efficiency is taken as the objective function and the mass flow rate of heat recovery media as the decision variable. Subsequently, the optimum mass ratio of air to heat recovery media is determined. 2) To clarify the performance difference between UCAES and tank compressed air energy storage (TCAES), their working processes are analyzed by comparing them. The results show that the change in tank pressure is the most critical factor affecting performance. Compared with TCAES, the energy recovery efficiency and energy storage density of UCAES increased by 8.25% and 120.82%, respectively. 3) A specific quantitative analysis of the effect of equipment performance and storage depth is performed, showing that improving the efficiency of the expander is more effective in improving the energy recovery efficiency, and depth directly determines the energy storage density. 4) An efficiency improvement technology is proposed and investigated by increasing the expander inlet temperature using electrical energy. The results show that approximately 1/3 of the electrical energy used for electric heating is converted into electrical energy again, and about 60% is converted into available heat energy, which provides a new option for renewable energy heating in the northern coastal city. The results of this study can provide a reference for follow-up project construction, and the promotion of UCAES can provide solid support for the large-scale development of offshore wind power.

先进绝热压缩空气储能系统（advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system，AA-CAES）是一种大规模电能存储与转化技术，对可再生能源并网及电网调峰有重要作用。为了研究蓄热系统结构布置、运行方式对储能系统性能的影响，对蓄热系统热力学模型进行分析并在传统结构的基础上提出带高温蓄热系统的AA-CAES。结果表明：压气机与膨胀机级数相近时，储能效率最高，级数差别越大效率越低；当压气机与膨胀机级数相等时，随着级数的增加，储能密度逐渐降低；当换热器中水的热容率与空气热容率接近相等时，储能效率最高；带高温蓄热系统的AA-CAES能够获得更大的储能密度，系统运行灵活性也增强，但储能效率有所下降。

Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system （AA-CAES） is a kind of large scale electric energy storage and conversion technology which plays an important role in renewable energy grid and power peaking. In order to study the influence of the structure and operation mode of the thermal energy storage system on the performance of AA-CAES，the thermodynamic model of the thermal energy storage system is analyzed and a high temperature thermal energy storage system based on the traditional structure is proposed in this paper. The results show that when the stages of the compressor and expander are similar，the energy storage efficiency is the highest，and the greater the difference of the stages，the lower the energy storage efficiency. When the stages of the compressor and expander are equal，the energy storage density is gradually reduced with the increasing stages. When the thermal capacity rates of water and air in the heat exchanger are nearly equal，the energy storage efficiency is the highest. AA-CAES with high temperature thermal energy storage system can achieve a greater energy storage density，and the system operating flexibility is also enhanced，but the energy storage efficiency has declined slightly.

目前，国内压缩空气储能电站膨胀机进气阀严密性试验所采用的试验方案、试验指标不明确，缺少对严密试验的科学论证，没有膨胀机进气阀严密性是否合格的量化指标。为准确判断膨胀机进气阀的严密性，保障压缩空气储能发电膨胀机的安全运行，文章通过对比分析火电和核电蒸汽轮机、燃气轮机进气阀严密性试验方法，结合膨胀机的结构动力特性及其运行特点，提出膨胀机进气阀严密性试验的方法，并对试验步骤进行规范，提出试验结果合格的判定标准，通过不同时间段试验的惰走时间数据进行比较，得到进气阀严密性的变化情况。该方法引入膨胀机转速作为判断依据，量化严密性试验合格指标，使试验更具客观性和可操作性，保障膨胀机的安全稳定运行。

At present, the scheme adopted in inlet valve leak test of the expander in compressed air energy storage (CAES) power station and the test parameter are not definite, the leak test lacks the scientific demonstration, and there is no quantitative index of whether the inlet valve is tight. In order to estimate the leakage of inlet valve accurately and ensure the safe running of CAES power plant, through comparative analysis on the inlet valve tightness test method of steam turbine and gas turbine in thermal power and nuclear power, in combination with the structural dynamic characteristics of expander and its operation features, this paper puts forward the inlet valve leak test method of expander and its judgment basis, and compares the idling time data of different time periods to obtain the variation of CAES inlet valve leak test. The method introduces the expander speed as the judgment basis and quantifies the acceptable index of leak test, which makes the test more objective and operable, and ensures the safe and stable operation of expander.

压缩空气储能技术是目前储能技术的研究热点之一。水下压缩空气储能利用水的静压特性实现压缩空气的等压存储,具有系统效率较高、受地形限制小、储能规模灵活可变的特点,尤其适合于海上风能等可再生能源的规模化存储。本文简要介绍了压缩空气储能技术的工作原理与发展,通过对比分析阐明了水下压缩空气储能所具有的优势,全面分析了水下压缩空气储能技术的研究进展,对采用柔性储能包的水下压缩空气储能技术进行了重点分析,并对水下压缩空气储能系统开发的关键技术进行了总结和展望。

Underwater compressed air energy storage (UCAES) uses the hydrostatic pressure of water to realize isobaric storage of the compressed air. The advantages of such a method include high efficiency, reduced topographical limitations, and flexibility in storage scale, providing a potentially suitable technology for storing offshore renewable energy. In this paper, a brief review is given first on emerging compressed air energy storage technologies, the focus is the on the UCAES. We introduce the working principle and current state of research in the UCAES. We also perform an analyses on the technology particularly UCAES combined with the use of a flexible energy bag. Finally, key future technology developments and outlook of the UCAES are summarized.

In this article, three different methods are presented for finding the deformed shape of pressurized fabric structures underwater. The methods are used here to analyse the shape and cost of ‘energy bags’, inflatable bags that can be anchored to the seabed and used for subsea compressed air energy storage. First, a system of coupled ordinary differential equations is derived which can be solved to find the shape of an inextensible axisymmetric membrane. Then finite-element analysis (FEA) of an axisymmetric natural shape bag is carried out using cable elements, giving the deformed shape of an extensible axisymmetric membrane. Finally, a full three-dimensional FEA is presented which includes cable and membrane elements. A simple optimization is also used to minimize the cost per unit of energy stored in an axisymmetric natural shape energy bag, and it is shown that if only materials costs are taken into account, the cost of surface is approximately equal to the cost of meridional reinforcement in the optimum-sized bag.

风能的随机特性是造成风电场弃风现象严重的重要原因，配置压缩空气储能系统(CAES)可以有效平衡风力发电随机特性，减少风电场弃风量，但CAES存储规模配置不当会造成经济利益的损失。因此，为了提高风能利用率，基于风能不确定性条件下，对压缩空气储能系统容量配置进行研究。首先，利用历史数据获得风力发电典型小时功率分布；然后，考虑用户负荷需求、电网分时电价、系统投资成本、电力不足成本和电力销售收入等因素，构建以CAES系统充放电功率和储气容量为约束条件、以最大效益为目标的模型，并采用遗传算法进行求解；最后，利用所建立的模型对多场景运行案例进行优化。仿真结果表明，对于典型小时负荷功率需求3.241 MW的工厂用户，风电场保持每日4台风机运行，并配置额定功率1 MW、额定容量6.5 MW·h的CAES系统经济效益最佳，可减少弃风量3.84 MW·h，节约购电成本4208.9元，实现日最大净收益699.86元。

The randomness of wind energy is an important reason for the abandonment of wind farms. The configuration of compressed-air energy storage (CAES) systems can effectively balance the randomness of wind power generation and lead to a reduction in wind farms. However, the improper configuration of CAES storage scales causes the loss of economic benefits. Therefore, to improve the rate of wind energy usage, this study examines the capacity configuration of CAES based on the uncertainty of wind energy. First, historical data are used to obtain the typical hourly power distribution of wind power generation. Then, factors, such as user load demand, grid time-of-use electricity price, system investment cost, power shortage cost, and power sales revenue, are considered to develop a CAES system for charging and discharging power and gas storage capacity. The developed CAES system is a model with constraints and maximum benefit as the aim; it is solved using the genetic algorithm. Finally, the established model is used to optimize multiscene operation cases. The simulation results demonstrate that for factory users with a typical hourly load power demand of 3.241 MW, the wind farm maintains four wind turbines running daily, and it is equipped with a CAES system with rated power and capacity of 1 MW and 6.5 MW ·h, respectively. The economic benefits are the best, and the amount of wind curtailed can be reduced by 3.84 MWh, thus saving 4208.9 yuan in power purchase costs and realizing the largest daily net income of 699.86 yuan.

为实现“双碳”目标，加快发展风电和太阳能等新能源是我国能源绿色低碳转型的必然选择。风能的波动性和随机性会对电网的安全稳定运行造成威胁，实际应用中往往将风力发电与储能技术相结合，相比于传统的风力发电，可在一定程度上减小系统输出电能对电网的冲击。建立了海上风电-水下压缩空气储能系统模型并以此作为研究对象进行系统模型的仿真与分析，采用随机概率和真实数据拟合相结合的方法对系统的能效、经济性进行分析。结果显示：在风速随机波动的条件下，系统发电效率可达65%，理论平均收益为11 675 元/d，在有效寿命期20 a内总利润可达1 346万元。

On the path of dual carbon target， developing new energy， such as solar power and wind power， is the inevitable approach to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the energy industry in China. But the volatility and randomness of wind energy will threat the stability and security of power grids. Thus， energy storage technology is applied in combination with wind power in practical applications， to smooth the power output from wind farms and alleviate the impact on power grids. The model of an offshore wind power-underwater compressed air energy storage system is established and simulated. The energy efficiency and economic benefit of the system are analyzed by combining random probability calculation and real data fitting. The results show that under volatile wind speeds， power generation rate and theoretical average return of the system can reach 65% and 11 675 yuan/d， respectively， and the total profit of the system can be 13.46 million yuan in its 20-year service life.