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  • Review
    LI Jianlin, LI Guanghui , LIANG Danxi , MA Suliang
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(5): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106528
    Abstract (1066) PDF (4585) HTML (73)   Knowledge map   Save

    As a long-term energy storage technology, hydrogen energy storage has a good development prospect. China's 14th five-year plan points out that hydrogen energy development is a long-term development strategy, in which the key points are to improve the conversion efficiency of hydrogen production by electrolysis, improve the design and manufacturing process of electrolyzer stack and electrode, and strengthen the coupling between renewable energy sources and hydrogen energy, so as to promote the realization of the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. From the perspective of the 14th five-year plan and carbon peak and carbon neutrality, this paper first analyzes the development status of renewable energy in China and the generation of abandon wind, water and light, analyzes the feasibility of renewable energy for hydrogen production, and briefly introduces the classification of electrolyzer, the basic principle and research status of hydrogen production technology from electrolytic water. On the basis of the above, the hydrogen production technologies of wind power, photovoltaic power generation and wind solar hybrid multi energy coupling are summarized respectively. The research status of domestic and foreign scholars in this field is summarized, and suggestions and prospects for the development of renewable energy hydrogen production technology in China are put forward, It can provide reference for China to optimize renewable energy hydrogen production system and achieve the goal of decarbonization and emission reduction.

  • Overview
    CAO Fan, CHEN Kunyang, GUO Tingting, JIN Xuliang, WANG Haigang, ZHANG Li
    Distributed Energy. 2020, 5(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.1901124
    Abstract (1711) PDF (3992) HTML (102)   Knowledge map   Save

    Hydrogen energy is expected to play an important role in China's energy transformation process due to its low carbon, clean, high energy density and high conversion efficiency. This paper analyzes the research status and development prospect of various technologies in the fields of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and hydrogen utilization, and then the specific technical path of renewable energy and integrated energy service system coupled hydrogen energy are discussed. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) hydrogen production and solid material hydrogen storage are the most potential development direction of hydrogen production and storage. Hydrogen fuel cell and adding hydrogen into natural gas pipeline should be advanced simultaneously. The combination of water electrolysis using abandoning wind/photovoltaic or off-grid hydrogen production and fuel cell power generation, hydrogen station supply, methanol production and natural gas hydrogen mixing will effectively solve the problems of uneconomical and difficult transportation. Hydrogen can also realize the interconnection of multiple energy networks and has a very broad application prospect in the future integrated energy service system.

  • Application Technology
    WANG Lijie, ZHANG Xiping, FENG Qiang, WU Junyi
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(1): 44-50. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106002
    Abstract (1474) PDF (3572) HTML (97)   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to solve the problems of chaotic control and inefficient maintenance of new energy stations, with the rapid development of big data, cloud platform, internet of things and other related technologies, the construction of new energy monitoring and big data center can improve the management and control ability of new energy stations. At present, new energy big data platforms launched in the industry mostly focus on the intelligent optimization of a single model or station and lack the overall coordination of the group-level new energy business, which makes it difficult to achieve the coordination and integration of various equipment and different systems. In view of the limitations of new energy big data platform construction at the present stage, it has become inevitable for the development of the new energy industry to build a group-level new energy monitoring and big data center to achieve a high degree of integration and sharing of resources and experience. In this paper, relying on the construction background of China Datang Corporation new energy two-level center, sorting out the business process of new energy production equipment management and control and designing the platform technical architecture of cloud-side collaboration, could realize the multilevel fusion of from the bottom perception to the top decision-making and provide guidance for analysis and processing of new energy heterogeneous assets and data and design of group-level new energy big data platform.

  • New Energy Storage Technology and Its Application
    FU Xu, LI Fuchun, YANG Xin, YANG Panfeng
    Distributed Energy. 2020, 5(3): 34-38. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2001003
    Abstract (1038) PDF (3339) HTML (88)   Knowledge map   Save

    The large-scale application of energy storage technology is an effective way to improve the economic performance and safety of the power grid containing renewable energy. In order to reasonably evaluate the economy of energy storage in the power grid, the life cycle cost method is adopted, according to the energy storage cost and technical characteristics of pumped storage power station, such as compressed air storage, lead-acid battery, sodium sulfur battery, liquid flow battery, lithium ion battery, etc. The investment, annual cost and electricity cost of various kinds of energy storage are calculated, and the economy of various types of energy storage under different utilization hours is compared. The research results show that the minimum cost of electricity storage for pumped storage power station is the lowest, followed by compressed air energy storage, and the highest energy cost of battery energy storage.

  • Application Technology
    ZHANG Chengxiang, DING Ning, YIN Feng, SHAO Qiaoyue, ZHANG Jiangfeng, ZHENG Keke
    Distributed Energy. 2022, 7(1): 54-62. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2207107
    Abstract (1044) PDF (3166) HTML (82)   Knowledge map   Save

    Driven by the "30·60" national strategy, power system will develop towards the new type of power system rapidly which dominated by new energy resources. The access of large-scale of new energy resources as well as the in-depth exploration of resources in user side have made it difficult for traditional dispatching methods to support the safe and stable power supply. New energy storage, as an adjustable and flexible equipment that has flourished in recent years, is useful for filling the growing gap in regulation capacity of power grid and consuming renewable energy effectively. First of all, this article elaborates on the significant energy storage categories and their own advantages. On this basis, analyze the technical application and profit path of five emerging scenarios in power supply side and consumption side, including new energy resource configurating energy storage, thermal power plant equipped with energy storage, 5G base station application, electric vehicles, virtual power plant. And then the Qinghai province demonstration is used as an example to discuss the business operation model of shared energy storage, and some suggestions are proposed to increase the return on investment for operators from optimizing quota and multiple delivery. Finally, briefly discusses the development of new energy storage in the long-term year.

  • Review
    TIAN Jiangnan, JIANG Jing, LUO Yang, MA Xiong
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(2): 8-13. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106013
    Abstract (1395) PDF (3096) HTML (99)   Knowledge map   Save

    Hydrogen energy has attracted much attention because of its high calorific value per unit mass, wide application and reproduce ability. Three kinds of electrolytic water hydrogen production equipment are introduced. It is pointed out that there are three main connection forms of wind power hydrogen production: grid-connected wind power hydrogen production; Off-grid wind power hydrogen production; Grid-connected wind power hydrogen production. There are two main types of photovoltaic hydrogen production: indirect connection; direct connection. The conclusion shows that the proton membrane electrolytic water hydrogen production technology has a strong adaptability to the fluctuation of new energy sources (wind power, photovoltaic power), and the cost of proton membrane electrolytic water hydrogen production equipment should be reduced from the aspects of electrode materials.

  • Review
    WANG Suhang, Li Jianlin
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(2): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106030
    Abstract (1314) PDF (3037) HTML (243)   Knowledge map   Save

    At this stage, the state vigorously supports the development of the new energy automobile industry and has issued a series of preferential policies. As the number of electric vehicles increases year by year, power batteries are also about to face large-scale retirement. In order to adequately use resources and obtain more economic profits, echelon utilization of retired power batteries is necessary. This paper briefly described the current status of cascaded utilization technologies and listed the cascade utilization projects at home and abroad, then introduced the detection, filtration, recombination and equalization technologies in the cascaded utilization process. This paper focused on how to screen based on the electrical performance of the battery, and emphasized the importance of keeping the battery state of charge consistent. Through the analysis of different energy storage scenarios of cascade batteries such as the charging stations, communication base stations, photovoltaic power plants, and user-side energy storage, it proved that the cascaded utilization of decommissioned power batteries has economic value. At the end of this paper, it summarized and discussed the existing problems of cascaded utilization.

  • Application Technology
    ZHANG Xiping,ZHAO Wei,WANG Lijie
    Distributed Energy. 2020, 5(6): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2012005
    Abstract (1094) PDF (2761) HTML (73)   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to solve the cloud problem on devices of the cloud edge collaborative platform of the industrial internet of things(IOT) in the new energy industry, the IOT connection architecture is designed. The IOT Connection module is divided into three levels: device object, access center and application service. Based on this architecture, the rules engine, equipment center, protocol center, information model center, heterogeneous timing sequence, object and relational data access functional area are designed, and the object connection architecture and function modules are practiced in the new energy big data platform project of Datang Group. Practice shows that this architecture can achieve reliable and safe access to the big data platform of new energy equipment under the same operation interface, which provides an effective method for the access to heterogeneous devices of the new energy big data platform, and provides basic research for the construction of cloud edge collaborative platform of new energy smart wind power and smart photovoltaic.

  • Review
    JIN Hongguang , SUI Jun
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.002
    Abstract (1451) PDF (2716) HTML (64)   Knowledge map   Save

    The novel energy system is the key to ensure the energy sustainable development, containing of systematicness, innovation and sustainability. The integration between conventional centralized energy system and distributed energy system which is a typical novel system will be the promising direction in the future. This article illustrates the current situation and trend of distributed energy system in U.S., Japan, Europe and China, and also analyses that gas-fired hybrid distributed energy system is the important development direction of the novel energy systems. It also proposes that the development of novel energy system represented by distributed energy and renewable energy is national strategic demand for improving the sustainable development of China's energy system and seizing the commanding heights of energy technology revolution.

  • Integrated Control Technology for Hydrogen and Renewable Energy Systems
    MIAO Ankang, YUAN Yue, WU Han, YUAN Boxin
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(4): 15-24. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106511
    Abstract (1554) PDF (2676) HTML (168)   Knowledge map   Save

    Hydrogen energy is a clean, zero-carbon, flexible and efficient secondary energy with abundant sources. As an important part of modern energy system, it's an important carrier to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. With the increasingly severe situation of carbon emission reduction, green hydrogen has received high attention worldwide. Hydrogen production from renewable energy can realize the whole hydrogen energy industry chain green and carbon-free, and solve the problem of renewable energy consumption, which is a very potential development route of hydrogen energy. This paper summarizes and analyzes the latest development trends of hydrogen energy industry at home and abroad, and focuses on the development status and trend of key technologies of green hydrogen energy from each link of the whole industrial chain, including hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, hydrogen transportation, hydrogen filling and application. Then based on the development situation of hydrogen energy industry in China, several typical application scenarios and development suggestions are put forward, which provides reference for the development of green hydrogen energy.

  • Application Technology
    TIAN Jiangnan , AN Yuan , JIANG Jing , LUO Yang , TIAN Jingkui , CHANG Desheng
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(3): 63-69. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106523
    Abstract (878) PDF (2602) HTML (67)   Knowledge map   Save

    With the proposed goal of "carbon neutrality" , China's energy utilization mode needs to be adjusted. Firstly, it is introduced that the proportion of non-fossil energy in China is about 15% at present, and it will reach about 70% by 2050. Secondly, in addition to increasing the utilization proportion of non-fossil energy, carbon capture and utilization technology must be used to achieve carbon emission reduction in some difficult decarburization fields. Then, carbon capture and utilization technologies are introduced in detail. Carbon capture technologies include carbon dioxide capture before combustion, carbon dioxide capture during combustion and carbon dioxide capture after combustion. Carbon dioxide utilization technology mainly includes physical application, chemical utilization and biomass utilization. Due to the complete decarburization of hydrogen production by water electrolysis with new energy, hydrogen production by water electrolysis with new energy is considered to be the ultimate route of decarburization. Before the complete decarburization is realized, carbon capture technology is needed to cover the bottom.

  • Basic Research
    ZHANG Xunkui
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(6): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106606
    Abstract (1600) PDF (2575) HTML (83)   Knowledge map   Save

    At present, energy is facing three major problems: shortage, pollution and safety. Under the guidance of carbon peak, carbon neutralization and policy constraints, the new round of energy revolution will show four major trends. Combined with the four trends of energy development, this paper deeply analyzes the problems of traditional power system, analyzes the role and positioning of power grid in power system, and expounds the evolution direction of new power system. This paper discusses and predicts the index node, time schedule, important characteristics and evolution process of the new power system, puts forward the development roadmap of the new power system, and discusses the four supporting technical systems of the new power system, including large-scale renewable energy development, power grid peak shaving and frequency modulation, local power grid and microgrid construction, hydrogen energy and its comprehensive utilization, provides a reference for the energy and power industry to build a new power system.

  • Application Technology
    YIN Aiming
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(3): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106519
    Abstract (887) PDF (2533) HTML (63)   Knowledge map   Save

    With the rapid growth of installed photovoltaic power generation capacity, the amount of waste photovoltaic modules will increase sharply. Improper disposal of discarded modules will not only have a negative impact on the environment, but also cause a waste of resources. At present, the large-scale obsolescence of photovoltaic modules at home and abroad has not yet arrived, the module recycling industry is in its infancy, the supervision and management system has not yet been established, and there are problems such as immature technology and equipment, low recycling income and imperfect related policy systems. This article analyzes the development trend of the photovoltaic module recycling technology with reference to the newly promulgated "Law of the People's Republic of China on The Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste" , And proposed that the reduction, resource utilization and harmless development of photovoltaic modules should be realized from the whole life cycle. Finally, some suggestions are put forward from the three aspects of policy support, technology research and development and business model, in order to provide reference for relevant personnel.

  • Review
    YIN Changjie, QUAN Nan, SU Kai, ZHENG Zhanghua, ZHANG Tianci
    Distributed Energy. 2022, 7(2): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2207201
    Abstract (1692) PDF (2375) HTML (171)   Knowledge map   Save
    As an important part of building the new power system with new energy as the mainstay, the distributed energy has clean, low-carbon and high-efficient characteristics, and is one of the effective measures to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals in energy field. In order to speed up the construction of new power system and realize carbon peak and carbon neutrality as early as possible, it is necessary to study and understand the development of distributed energy at the current stage. By analyzing the current situation of China's energy structure and the development of clean energy, as well as the development status of three typical distributed energy sources, namely distributed photovoltaic, natural gas distributed and distributed wind power, this paper summarizes five problems in the development of distributed energy: development needs to be coordinated, cost needs to be reduced, electricity consumption needs to be increased, technology needs to be innovated and policies need to be improved. Based on this, by taking into account the relevant national policies, five suggestions are given out: increase policy support, make scientific proof of the project establishment, strengthen technological innovation, promote distributed energy to participate in the electricity market and encourage grid enterprises to actively cooperate with the development of distributed energy. It is pointed out that multi-energy complementary systems will be the development direction of efficient use of distributed energy.
  • Basic Research
    WANG He, ZHUANG Guanqun, LI Guoqing, LI Dexin
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(2): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.02.001
    Abstract (965) PDF (2295) HTML (55)   Knowledge map   Save

    Wind power curtailment prevails dramatically in winter in the Three-north Area of China, as a result of the constrained peaking capability of thermal power units and severe contradiction between power supply and demand. An optimized control method was proposed to improve the wind power consumption with regenerative electric boiler and energy storage system. The system is used for heating to increase the electric to heat load of power grid and to promote local wind power consumption. The coordinated optimized control method was discussed for the properties of regenerative electric boiler and the electrochemical energy storage device in the non-direct power supply mode of the wind farm. Considering different contracts between the wind farm company, the power grid enterprise and the heat supply company, the optimized control strategies were proposed to obtain the maximum operation profit of wind farm and regenerative electric boiler. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

  • Basic Research
    KE Shanchao, CHEN Rui, CHEN Ganghua, LIU Minghao, MA Xueliang, ZHANG Taiji
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(6): 17-23. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106605
    Abstract (1217) PDF (2283) HTML (102)   Knowledge map   Save

    Ocean is the source of life, how to efficiently develop and utilize seawater resources is the hope of sustainable development of human beings in the future. As the best energy choice in the low-carbon era, hydrogen plays an important role in the energy transformation from fossil to green energy. Electrolysis of water is a recognized method of green hydrogen production, but its energy and water consumption are very prominent. With the development of renewable energy, the loss of long-distance transmission of renewable electricity is also becoming more and more serious. To solve the above problems, the comprehensive production cost of green hydrogen can be reduced through renewable electricity coupled with seawater hydrogen production after desalination and seawater chemical resource utilization. Combined with the development of seawater resource utilization and renewable energy currently, the economic efficiency of this route is much higher than that of direct seawater electrolysis. This paper summarizes and analyzes two common ways of hydrogen production from seawater at present, discusses the feasible development methods and application technologies to achieve green hydrogen economy, which provides reasonable reference for the relevant research and industrial development of hydrogen production from seawater.

  • Basic Research
    LIN Yuxin,ZHANG Jingye
    Distributed Energy. 2023, 8(2): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2308201
    Abstract (635) PDF (2282) HTML (81)   Knowledge map   Save

    In recent years, under the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality", the field of renewable energy has made great progress. Offshore wind power technology is expected to become the mainstay of green energy sources in the future due to its advantages of abundant resources and large utilization prospects. But at present, offshore wind farms, especially far-reaching offshore wind farms, are still faced with problems such as difficulty in construction and immaturity of wind power consumption technology. This paper first introduces the current development status of offshore wind power, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current offshore wind power transmission technology, introduces the current new technologies in the field of offshore wind power, analyzes and summarizes the offshore wind power hydrogen production technology and hydrogen transfer technology. Combined with the development trend, this paper summarizes the development of offshore wind power in the future, which should be divided into two main lines: offshore wind power and far-reaching offshore wind power, puts forward the view that the development of offshore wind power and hydrogen energy should be closely combined, introduces the idea of combining offshore wind power with hydrogen storage and energy storage, and forecasts the prospect of offshore wind power and far-reaching offshore wind power respectively, which can provide ideas for solving the problems faced by offshore wind power sites. It can also provide reference for the further development of offshore wind power.

  • Integrated Control Technology for Hydrogen and Renewable Energy Systems
    LI Jianlin, LIANG Zhonghao , LIANG Danxi, MA Suliang
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(4): 25-33. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106531
    Abstract (775) PDF (2263) HTML (72)   Knowledge map   Save

    Under the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, how to achieve deep decarbonization and accelerate energy transition has become the primary issue facing China. Since hydrogen energy is a secondary clean energy with high energy density and pollution-free, its application will occupy an important position in the future economic and technological development. Therefore, accelerating the layout of the hydrogen energy industry is an effective way to solve my country's primary problems. This article starts with renewable energy and nuclear hydrogen production technology, studies the technical principles and development status of green hydrogen production, and analyzes and summarizes the application approaches of green hydrogen production at home and abroad. With the progress of my country's green hydrogen application technology, green hydrogen, as a green and efficient energy application scenario, continues to emerge, and has a broad application space in the fields of electric power and chemical engineering. Finally, three suggestions are made for the development and business model of my country's green hydrogen industry.

  • Review
    HE Tianxian , GU Fenglong
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(3): 10-18. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106506
    Abstract (915) PDF (2226) HTML (97)   Knowledge map   Save

    All-solid-state batteries are composed of cathode materials, solid electrolytes and lithium metal anodes. Lithium metal anodes are an important part of all-solid-state batteries. The successful application of lithium metal anode can not only improve the energy density and safety performance of the battery, but also reduce the manufacturing cost of the existing electrochemical system and completely replace the liquid lithium ion battery. However, in the actual application process, the lithium metal negative electrode still has the following difficult to solve problems: lithium dendrites, powdering, volume expansion and air stability. In response to the above problems, this article reviews some advanced lithium metal anode research strategies, gives its own solutions, and finally puts forward a prospect.

  • Application Technology
    ZHANG Shuxiao
    Distributed Energy. 2022, 7(1): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2207110
    Abstract (672) PDF (2176) HTML (64)   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to highlight the role of big data platform in remote monitoring, digital intelligent operation and maintenance and decision-making of new energy power stations, solve the problems of "large but not precise" big data of new energy, lack of in-depth big data analysis and intelligent application, and can not effectively guide production operation and maintenance, relying on the construction of China Datang Group new energy big data platform, This paper proposes a new energy digital intelligent operation monitoring technology based on big data platform. By establishing a group of wind power, photovoltaic production data quality standardization system, realizing the standardization of operational data collection code edge side edge computing and distributed algorithm model, adopted in the cloud side of "cloud synergy" architecture, quality of monitoring data, generate the production application processing scheme, in order to realize the actual should be real-time monitoring indices such as output. At the same time, the intelligent analysis platform, system optimization platform, expert support platform and resource evaluation platform for the intelligent operation of new energy are developed, and the "comprehensive physical examination-system optimization-analysis of difficult diseases-resource data support" are successively completed. Build an industry-leading digital intelligent operation monitoring platform based on the construction of "monitoring area" and "functional area" , and realize the multi-domain digital intelligent operation and supervision of new energy at the three levels of "group, region and station" . It can provide reference for the construction of intelligent operation supervision of new energy based on big data platform.

  • Application Technolog
    BA Liming, FENG Pei, ZHAO Lulu, LEMMON John
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(2): 44-49. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.02.007
    Abstract (1011) PDF (2060) HTML (71)   Knowledge map   Save

    With the surge of new energy integration and ultra-high voltage (UHV) lines, it calls for even more strict management in frequency regulation of power grid. Considering the long process flow, large thermal inertness of steam power system, the coal-fired power units are facing even higher pressure in frequency regulation. For this, an energy storage system (ESS)-aided frequency regulation was discussed in this paper. The system structure of dispatching command for combined ESS and coal-fired power units, was proposed;the simulation model was built on the platform of Matlab/Simulink to study the frequency regulation of energy storage;an instance study was made with practical operation data. The results show that the combination system can serve 2 to 3 times response than conventional system;the introduction of such ESS system with energy storage would not affect the safe operation of power units;It makes great reference for the development of auxiliary service market for power generation in reduced over-regulation, prolonged life span, safer and higher-efficiency operation of power system.

  • Review
    YUAN Yue, WU Han , LU Dan, YANG Su, HUANG Junhui, GUAN Zhijian , HAN Jun
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 6-13. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.003
    Abstract (767) PDF (2019) HTML (50)   Knowledge map   Save

    With the development of distributed generation, the planning of active distribution system faces a new challenge. From the aspects of the element modeling, optimal dispatch and the planning, this paper summarizes the research of the distribution network planning. Some optimal dispatch modeling methods and algorithms are studied. The related distributed generation configuration, energy storage systems configuration and active network planning are introduced in detail. At last, the prospect of the active network planning with high penetration distributed generation is outlined.

  • Application Technolog
    HUANG Nina, LI Peiyuan, YING Jufeng
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(2): 61-66. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.02.010
    Abstract (1382) PDF (2002) HTML (53)   Knowledge map   Save

    Gas distribution system is widely used in foreign countries. In China, although there are a series of encouraging policies, the development of the gas distribution system has not reached the expected goal.In this paper,the gas distributed system model is established to analyze the investment costs, the energy utilization efficiency and the benefits. Its economy is further analysed by comparison with the 680MW supercritical thermal power unit to illustrate its cost advantage and potential advantages in use.

  • Review
    LING Tong , DUAN Huiling, YAN Yujie , WANG Yiding
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(3): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106508
    Abstract (1196) PDF (1985) HTML (338)   Knowledge map   Save

    Solar interfacial evaporation method is to use a specific structure to limit the energy in the light absorption layer, so that the water evaporates on the surface of the structure. Due to the simple structure, small space occupation, high energy utilization rate and low requirements for operating environment, solar interfacial evaporator has attracted wide attentions. Currently, researchers have conducted abundant researches on the solar interfacial evaporation method from the aspects of optical absorber materials, heat management, evaporator structure, etc. However, there are relatively few studies on the applications of solar interfacial evaporation method. Solar interfacial evaporation method due to its unique advantages, not only shows broad applications prospect in the field of seawater desalination, but also has great potential in many other fields. In this paper, the application fields of solar interfacial evaporation method are sorted out from the aspects of water resources management, energy supply and medical treatment. The potential applications of solar interfacial evaporation method are also discussed. It is of great significance to enrich the research scope of solar interfacial evaporation, promote the development of solar interfacial evaporation method at the application level, and explore the joint application of solar interfacial evaporation in many fields.

  • Basic Research
    LI Qionghui , YE Xiaoning, HU Jing , HUANG Bibin , WANG Caixia
    Distributed Energy. 2020, 5(2): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2003005
    Abstract (2623) PDF (1974) HTML (154)   Knowledge map   Save

    Starting from the review of past development of distributed energy resources (DER), this paper investigates the current situation and also future trend of DER development. The primary focuses of this paper include: 1) the potential and typical applications of DER in China; 2) the grid's hosting capacity for DER; 3) the methods for distributed generation (DG) to participate in electric power market. In this paper, we conclude that the DER is an essential and critical part of modern energy system. With our estimation, China has a potential capacity of 5 400 GW renewable DER for future development. By 2030, 2 000 GW of the DER capacity will be technically available and 500~800 GW of the DER capacity will be economically available, respectively for development. However, for the DER, which are usually non-utility-owned energy resources, their chronological deployment requires corresponding sufficient hosting capacity from grid. Therefore, we have to optimize the scale and deployment of the DER's development by considering the hosting capacity. In addition, we propose two methods for DG to participate in the electric power market.

  • Basic Research
    LIU Yongqian, MA Yuanchi
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.004
    Abstract (729) PDF (1923) HTML (47)   Knowledge map   Save

    The volatility of wind power and the uncertainties in the wind power forecasting pose serious challenges to unit start-up and shutdown and the load distribution in the wind farm. The practice of utilizing scenario prediction to describe the uncertainties in the wind power forecasting can enhance the robustness of the scheduling decision. The economic dispatch method for wind farm based on scenario prediction, with the goal of the minimum operating cost, can optimize the unit start-up and shutdown and the load distribution planning. We adopt the improved genetic algorithm to compute the optimized dispatch models. On this basis, we have analyzed the influence of the major costs on the total costs in the operation of wind farm and proposed strategies of improving the grid's adopt capacity for wind power and lowering the operating costs in wind farm. The example simulation result is consistent with the actual operational situation in wind farm and shows that the economic dispatch method is valid in wind farm.

  • Review
    LI Licheng, ZHANG Yongjun, XU Min
    Distributed Energy. 2017, 2(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2017.01.001
    Abstract (1430) PDF (1891) HTML (65)   Knowledge map   Save

    Operation safely, effectively and with lower carbon emission is served as the main goal of the modern energy system transformation. The new opportunities brought by the energy system development are illustrated. The trend of energy system transformation in China, including the merger between smart grid and energy-net, the transformation of energy supply mode that shifts from centralized to distributed etc, is discussed. On this basis, the orientation, pattern evolution and key technology of our future energy system in 2020, 2030 and 2050 are proposed in this paper. Considering the importance of distributed energy in the energy system transformation, the development path and key technology of distributed energy that adjusted with the morphological evolution is also discussed.

  • Application Technology
    WANG Hu , WU Yongxin , WANG Cong
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.010
    Abstract (894) PDF (1835) HTML (52)   Knowledge map   Save

    Parabolic trough concentrated solar power systems use the solar collectors to convert sunlight to thermal electric power. As the key technology of solar collector, solar selective absorbing coatings are used in solar collector to enhance the efficiency of photo-thermal conversion. Therefore, the solar selective absorbing coatings with good optical properties and excellent thermal stability have a significant meaning to develop solar collector industry. This paper introduces the development and research actuality of the solar absorbing coating in domestic and abroad. Also the future development of the solar selective absorbing coating is presented.

  • Application Technology
    ZHANG Yuanzhi
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(6): 59-68. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106560
    Abstract (695) PDF (1785) HTML (60)   Knowledge map   Save

    Integrated energy system (IES) has become the focus of attention in the field of energy, and research as efficiency enhancement, dispersive energy dissipation and green energy utilization on renewable energy, has become the aim. In this paper, technologies as the multi-energy flow, the optimal planning of the integrated energy system, the security analysis and the market operation of the integrated energy system are systematically summarized. Finally, according to the actual nationally comprehensive energy strategic conditions, the development prospects and typical forms of service marketization mechanism in the IES in China are analyzed, so as to provide reference for scholars who study the IES in future.

  • Application Technology
    HE Kexin, MA Suliang, MA Zhuang, XUE Aoyu
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(6): 45-52. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106602
    Abstract (708) PDF (1735) HTML (63)   Knowledge map   Save

    Energy storage is an important means to suppress new energy generation and reduce the impact of large-scale new energy integration on the grid. With the introduction of my country's dual-carbon policy and the guidance of new power systems, it has become an indispensable means of regulating new energy. . In view of the development trend of the energy storage industry, this article discusses the advantages and value of energy storage technology, and analyzes the characteristics and application requirements of electrochemical energy storage, physical machinery storage and new energy storage technology from the technical level, and sorts out the whole country The strong allocation of energy storage policies and energy storage subsidy policies demonstrate the necessity of energy storage development from different perspectives and provide a theoretical basis for different types of energy storage technology engineering applications.

  • Basic Research
    LI Jianlin , LI Yaxin, GUO Lijun
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(3): 32-37. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106514
    Abstract (752) PDF (1729) HTML (68)   Knowledge map   Save

    China's retired power battery echelon utilization technology is developing rapidly. As an effective way to promote China's "double carbon target" , the industrialization of retired power battery echelon utilization is still in the primary stage of development, and the policy standard system and market mechanism need to be improved urgently. Therefore, power battery scale retired status based, combing retired national power battery arrangement in taking the top-level design of the policy and local policy, refining the retired power battery arrangement in use and recycling policy system construction key points, and combined with our country pilot using engineering application development analysis, put forward under the double carbon targets, retired several Suggestions on the development of power battery arrangement in using the technology, It provides ideas for realizing the industrialization of phased utilization and recycling of retired power batteries in China.

  • Integrated Control Technology for Hydrogen and Renewable Energy Systems
    KE Shanchao, CHEN Rui , CHEN Ganghua, MA Xueliang
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(4): 41-46. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106525
    Abstract (1105) PDF (1702) HTML (97)   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to solve the excessive carbon emissions caused by the massive use of fossil energy and the problem of power consumption caused by the large-scale development of wind power, the use of wind power coupled with seawater hydrogen production is an ideal way to realize the transformation from traditional fossil energy to green energy. At the same time, this method can not only promote the consumption of new energy power, but also alleviate the problem of fresh water allocation. According to the calculation results of theoretical energy consumption and the analysis of the cost of seawater desalination technology, compared with direct seawater splitting, which is still in the research stage, seawater electrolysis after desalination is more economical and reliable. From the perspective of sustainable development, wind power coupled with seawater electrolysis after desalination is an important strategic means to achieve emission peak and carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

  • Basic Research
    HAN Zhonghe , PANG Yongchao
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.005
    Abstract (882) PDF (1701) HTML (54)   Knowledge map   Save

    Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system (AA-CAES) is a kind of large scale electric energy storage and conversion technology which plays an important role in renewable energy grid and power peaking. In order to study the influence of the structure and operation mode of the thermal energy storage system on the performance of AA-CAES,the thermodynamic model of the thermal energy storage system is analyzed and a high temperature thermal energy storage system based on the traditional structure is proposed in this paper. The results show that when the stages of the compressor and expander are similar,the energy storage efficiency is the highest,and the greater the difference of the stages,the lower the energy storage efficiency. When the stages of the compressor and expander are equal,the energy storage density is gradually reduced with the increasing stages. When the thermal capacity rates of water and air in the heat exchanger are nearly equal,the energy storage efficiency is the highest. AA-CAES with high temperature thermal energy storage system can achieve a greater energy storage density,and the system operating flexibility is also enhanced,but the energy storage efficiency has declined slightly.

  • Basic Research
    WANG Yaxu, SONG Weigong, LI Yongjun, WANG Chunqiang
    Distributed Energy. 2021, 6(2): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.2106014
    Abstract (845) PDF (1682) HTML (62)   Knowledge map   Save

    Considering the power distribution and bus stability of DC microgrid, a dynamic droop control method of energy storage converter based on the state of charge of energy storage battery was proposed. By introducing the real-time SOC value of energy storage battery into the droop control coefficient, the load differential power was distributed among the parallel energy storage batteries according to their own SOC value, so as to realize the balance of power output and SOC secondary control of DC bus voltage and compensation of virtual impedance can restrain DC bus voltage deviation caused by droop control, improve damping characteristics of DC converter and enhance dynamic stability of DC bus voltage. The control parameters were analyzed by Matlab/Simulink simulation, and the correctness of the proposed control strategy was verified.

  • Application Technology
    CUI Jiawen, ZHANG Chunmao , ZHANG Hongbiao , TIAN Wei, ZHANG Yang
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(1): 47-51. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.01.009
    Abstract (1000) PDF (1658) HTML (36)   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to make a quantitative analysis on the reliability of photovoltaic(PV) system, a new model of reliability assessment is presented based on Bayesian network(BN). In the model, a fault tree (FT) is built based on electrical architecture diagram of a generic PV system firstly, and then it is mapped into a BN. By using the basic formula in the field of probability theory and the method of bucket elimination, considering the failure probability of each component in an actual photovoltaic power plant as the prior probability, the reliability of the overall system can be calculated. Moreover, by performing diagnostic reasoning and causal reasoning, weak links in the system can be easily identified, and the effects among the failure probabilities of events in the system can be provided conveniently. The framework based on the BN is intuitive and effective which is easy to be applied into the reliability assessment of PV system. The model provides a basis for more advanced and useful analyses in fault diagnosis of PV system. The model indicates that the Bayesian network for the reliability evaluation of PV power station is effective and superior.

  • Basic Research
    LI Lixin, QU Baiyu, LI Xu
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(2): 28-34. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.02.005
    Abstract (1191) PDF (1656) HTML (75)   Knowledge map   Save

    The single-machine infinite-bus model of wind-thermal-bundled power transmitted system was built on the platform of PSD-BPA software to study the interactive influence between wind farms for wind-thermal-bundled power transmitted system and out of step splitting of power grid. The influences of wind power capacity, operation mode of reactive power and voltage of wind power were investigated and compared, with the simulation validation on practical power grid. The corresponding capacity of off-grid wind power was analyzed to determine the effect of out of step splitting of power grid on the integration of wind power was investigated. The results show that the wind power integration of larger capacity, operating at constant voltage, contributes great to the transient out-of-step for wind-thermal-bundled sending system;the integration and fault location of wind power will change the instability mode of power grid, so as to affect the integration of wind power.

  • Application Technology
    LIAO Bilian ,TANG Jiangqi,WU Yuhuan,GAO Zhonglin
    Distributed Energy. 2019, 4(3): 50-55. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2019.03.008
    Abstract (1411) PDF (1622) HTML (61)   Knowledge map   Save

    Inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG) supply is widely used in microgrid for its ability to control and convert electrical energy well. In this paper, IBDG is equivalent to DC voltage source, and inverter control adopts double closed-loop control strategy for grid connection control. The outer ring is a voltage loop, which is mainly for the input voltage of the inverter, and is controlled to maintain stability; The inner ring is a current loop, whose main goal is to control the output current of the inverter to be in phase with the grid voltage. The inverter model is built in the PSCAD/EMTDC, and the effectiveness of the proposed inverter control strategy is verified by setting the load switching. The simulation operation shows that the output of the inverter with double closed-loop control strategy in the case of load change is still consistent with the set expectations.

  • Basic Research
    LI Ran, HAN Xu, ZENG Ming, LONG Zhuhan, SUN Chenjun
    Distributed Energy. 2016, 1(2): 14-20. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2016.02.003
    Abstract (1021) PDF (1614) HTML (75)   Knowledge map   Save

    Considering the increasing energy resources shortage, environmental pollution and climate change, distributed generation becomes an important way to effectively solve the contradiction in depletion of traditional energy, low efficiency of energy utilization, fossil fuel-dominated energy structure and intensive environmental pressure. The development of distributed generation is distinctively different in specific regions, for which an evaluation method is essential to promote the healthy and orderly development of distributed generation. The applicability evaluation model of distributed generation was built based on the combination of group decision and anti-entropy weight method considering regional characteristics. The model takes account in the subjective and objective factors such as the economy, technical feature, resource availability, environmental compatibility and sociality of the distributed generation. The instance analysis covers the applicability evaluation of overall and local distributed generation with certain scientific and rational nature in the planning and optimization of distributed generation.

  • Basic Research
    QIN Minghong,YANG Shengyun,CHANG Yong
    Distributed Energy. 2019, 4(4): 10-16. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2019.04.002
    Abstract (1530) PDF (1607) HTML (75)   Knowledge map   Save

    According to the physical model of photovoltaic cells and the output characteristics of photovoltaic arrays under different illumination intensity and ambient temperature, the theoretical analysis and implementation of the maximum power tracking control based on Boost circuit are carried out. The work principle of three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter is discussed. And the three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The model construction of 20MW photovoltaic power station is carried out by using PSCAD simulation software, and the simulation of the grid-connected process is carried out to analyze the impact on the power quality of the grid. Finally, a feasible solution is proposed and simulated.

  • Application Technology
    WANG Xiaoyu,ZHAO Xiaqing,XU Bingkun,GAO Xin
    Distributed Energy. 2019, 4(3): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.16513/j.cnki.10-1427/tk.2019.03.010
    Abstract (1109) PDF (1604) HTML (52)   Knowledge map   Save

    To solve the problem of inaccurate wind speed measurement by anemometer in the actual operation of wind turbines, this paper studies the combination of real machine test and numerical simulation. Through the analysis of test data and simulation results, the following results are obtained: When the speed of the wind turbine runner does not reach the rated speed, the wind speed deviation measured by the wind gauge increases with the increase of the wind speed of the incoming flow; When the runner reaches the rated speed and the incoming wind speed is 8 m/s, the measured wind speed by the anemometer at this time is 8.82 m/s, and the maximum deviation is 0.82 m/s; When the rotating speed is maintained at the rated speed and the incoming wind speed continues to increase, the wind speed deviation measured by the wind meter will gradually decrease with the increase of the incoming flow; Compared with the first order correction function, the quadratic function of the wind measurement is better, and the actual power curve is more consistent with the theoretical power curve.