如何从根本上消除电池系统的“短板效应”是储能行业发展的核心技术问题。目前业界解决“短板效应”的主要手段是追求电池单体在生产和使用过程中的一致性，这必然导致边际成本越来越高，同时依然无法从根本上消除电池系统“短板效应”。因此，本团队率先提出了基于能量数字化的动态可重构电池(dynamic reconfigurable battery，DRB)储能技术，改变了电池发明以来固定串并联的应用范式，将电池之间的物理连接由传统固定串并联的刚性连接改变为程序控制的柔性连接，通过控制每个电池接入充放电回路里的时间实现了“尽力而为”的电池能量管控模式。接着，本团队提出了基于动态可重构电池储能技术的能量控制和系统级本质安全控制方法，将能量控制问题表示为一个优化问题，并分析了基于可控串并联技术的本质安全控制方法。大量实际运行数据表明，动态可重构电池储能技术可以极大提升电池储能系统的安全性和能量效率，为构建大规模长寿命低成本电池储能系统提供了全新的路径。

The elimination of the "bucket effect" of battery systems in a fundamental manner is a challenging problem in the field of battery energy storage system (BESS). At present, this problem is being solved by pursuing the consistency of battery cells during their production and use; however, this method not only incurs a high cost but also is unable to fully eliminate the bucket effect. Therefore, we propose the dynamic reconfigurable-battery (DRB) energy storage technology based on energy digitalization. In comparison to the conventional norm of fixed series-parallel connections, the DRB networks use new program-controlled connections between battery cells/modules. By controlling the charging/discharging time of each battery unit connected to the circuitry, each battery cell/module could work in its "best effort" manner with no over-charge or over-discharge. Based on the DRB energy-storage technology, we propose the energy control and system-level intrinsically safe control methods. The energy control problem is formulated as an optimization issue, and the intrinsically safe control methods based on the controllable series and parallel technology are analyzed. The real-world operation data show that DRB networks can fundamentally improve safety, reliability, efficiency and cycle life of BESSs, paving a new path for building large-scale, long-life, and low-cost BESSs.

随着电化学储能的快速发展，储能系统本质安全的问题日益凸显。然而，电池单体固有的差异性与传统固定串并联成组方式的不匹配所带来的电池系统“短板效应”是造成目前电化学储能系统安全性和经济性问题的本质原因。近年来，基于动态可重构电池网络(dynamically reconfigurable battery network，DRBN)的数字储能系统得到了广泛的关注。DRBN通过低功耗功率半导体器件与电池进行深度耦合，将电池从电化学反应装置转变为一种新型数字装置，并通过毫秒级电池物理连接拓扑重构从原理上杜绝了由于过充过放所带来的热堆积和热失控问题，实现了电池系统级本质安全。此外，DRBN能够快速诊断并切除故障电池，同时保持电化学储能的正常运行，极大提升了系统的可用性和可靠性。最后，本工作通过实际工程案例数据阐述数字储能系统在突发故障时的在线诊断和快速自动隔离疑似故障方面的本质安全机制，为电化学储能系统安全性和经济性提供一种新的路径。

With the rapid advancement of electrochemical energy storage technology, intrinsic safety concerns about energy storage systems have emerged. Nonetheless, the "short board effect" of the battery system caused by the mismatch of inherent differences in battery cells and the traditional fixed series parallel grouping method is the primary reason for the current electrochemical energy storage system's safety and economic problems. Recently, digital energy storage systems based on dynamically reconfigurable battery network (DRBN) have received extensive attention. By deeply coupling low-power semiconductor devices to the batteries, DRBN transforms the battery from an electrochemical reaction device to a new type of digital device and eliminates the thermal accumulation and thermal runaway problems caused by overcharge and overdischarge in principle by reconfiguring the topology of the physical connection of the battery in milliseconds, achieving intrinsic safety at the battery system level. Furthermore, DRBN can quickly diagnose and remove faulty batteries and keep the electrochemical energy storage system running, which greatly improves the availability and reliability of the system. This paper explains the intrinsic safety mechanism of digital energy storage systems in the online diagnosis of sudden faults and rapid automatic isolation of suspected faults using an actual engineering case study, paving a new path for the safety and economy of electrochemical energy storage systems.

锂离子电池以高功率密度、高能量密度和低自放电等优势被广泛应用于消费电子和储能等领域。电池在制造和使用过程中的环境差异导致了电池组单体电量不均衡,严重影响电池成组后的整体可充入电量。针对电池组由于电量不均衡而无法实现满充的实际问题,针对7节电池串联构成的电池组,提出了电池重构系统和状态监测系统,实现任意电池单体串联组合,并在此基础上以荷电状态(SOC)为判据进行聚类分组,根据电量整体从低到高的顺序进行梯级充电,最终实现电量不均衡电池组整体同步充满。实验结果表明,该方法与无重构系统的充电方式相比,电池组可用容量提升达55.9%。

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in consumer electronics and energy storage due to the advantages of high power density, high energy density and low self-discharge rate. However, the difference in the process of manufacturing and operation of battery leads to the imbalance of characteristic parameters, which affects the overall chargeable power of battery pack. In view of the fact that the battery pack cannot be fully charged due to the imbalance, a battery reconfiguration system and a condition monitoring system are proposed for the battery pack composed of seven batteries connected in series to realize the connecting and cutting of any cell. On this basis, the state of charge (<em>SOC</em>) is used as the criterion for clustering and grouping, and then the cascade charging is carried out according to the <em>SOC</em> group ordered from low to high. And finally the battery pack is fully charged through reconfiguration. The experimental results show that compared with the charging method without reconfiguration, the available capacity of the battery pack is increased by 55.9%.

锂离子电池组在使用串联可重构电池拓扑进行均衡时,输出电压波动较大,而加入DC/DC变换器进行稳压后又会增加能量损耗和控制复杂度。为解决以上问题,提出一种无DC/DC变换器的新型可重构电池拓扑及控制策略。通过对开关的控制,选择电池组中SOC(state of charge)较高且电压满足要求的电池进行放电,并连续替换SOC较低的电池。使用Matlab/Simulink软件进行仿真,结果表明,与带有DC/DC变换器的可重构拓扑相比,此拓扑结构在电池组放电的情况下最大的电压波动为2.03 V,且电池组的SOC差异度从均衡前的0.95%降低到0.58%,验证了该拓扑良好的稳压及均衡性能以及控制方法的有效性。

It is difficult to solve the problems that the output voltage fluctuates greatly and the control complexity and energy loss increase with the addition of DC/DC converter when the lithium ion battery pack is balanced by using series reconfigurable battery topology. A new reconfigurable battery topology and control strategy without DC/DC converter was proposed. By controlling the switch, the battery with high <em>SOC</em> and voltage meeting the requirements would be selected for discharge, while the battery with lower <em>SOC</em> would be continuously replaced. Matlab/Simulink software was used for simulation. The results show that compared with the reconfigurable topology with DC/DC converter, the maximum voltage fluctuation of this topology is 2.03 V when the battery pack is discharged, and the <em>SOC</em> difference of the battery pack is reduced from 0.95% before equalization to 0.58%, which verifies the good performance of this topology.

目的 在“双碳”目标背景下，解决高风电渗透率系统建设带来的调峰安全性和经济性问题。 方法 采用电池储能系统削峰填谷的解决方案，提出了一种兼顾技术及经济性的锌溴液流电池(zinc-bromine flow battery，ZBB)储能的调峰优化控制方法。根据实际电池装置，对ZBB储能进行结构解析及数学模型构建。考虑调峰技术性效果，以调峰后的负荷曲线标准差最小为目标函数，提出一种考虑调峰效果的储能双向寻优控制策略。在此基础上，依据电网分时(time of use，TOU)电价政策，以技术性及经济性最优为目标函数，提出一种基于TOU电价机制的储能调峰经济模型，得出储能优化功率时序结果。最后，以东北某地区负荷及风电数据为例，对比验证所提策略的有效性。 结果 所提策略相较于原负荷，在日均负荷峰谷差、峰谷差率指标上分别降低了35.973%和34.205%，在调峰经济性优化方面提高了5.582%，且合并缓解了电网弃风消纳问题。 结论 所提策略在达到一定调峰效果的同时，在其全寿命周期内仍保持较好的调峰经济性。

Objectives Under the background of the “dual carbon” target, the safety and economic problems of peak shaving caused by the construction of high wind power penetration system are urgent to be solved. Methods By using the solution of peak shaving and valley filling of battery energy storage system, a peak shaving optimization control method for zinc-bromine flow battery (ZBB) energy storage taking into account both technology and economy was proposed. According to the actual battery device, the structure analysis and the mathematical model construction of ZBB energy storage were carried out. Considering the technical effects of peak shaving, and taking the minimum standard deviation of load curve after peak shaving as the objective function, a bidirectional optimization control strategy for energy storage considering peak shaving effects was proposed. On this basis, according to the time of use (TOU) policy of the power grid, taking the technical and economic optimization as the objective function, an economic model of energy storage peak shaving based on the TOU price mechanism was proposed, and the optimal power timing results for energy storage were obtained. Finally, taking the load and wind power data of a certain area in Northeast China as an example, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by comparison. Results Compared with the original load, the proposed strategy reduces the daily average load peak-valley difference and peak-valley difference rate by 35.973% and 34.205%, respectively, and improves the peak shaving economic optimization by 5.582%. In addition, the problem of wind curtailment in the power grid is alleviated. Conclusions The proposed strategy achieves a certain peak shaving effect while maintaining a good peak shaving economy throughout its life cycle.

随着可再生能源的快速发展，小水电站作为一种清洁能源，展现出良好的发展前景。然而，目前小水电站面临着规模较小、参与电网调度机制不足以及调峰调频运行模式亟待创新等问题。基于小水电站的运行特点，考虑火电机组的成本与排放，以及小水电站的稳定运行，构建了多级梯度变速控水稳定调节的小水电站模型。同时，提出了改进的雾凇优化算法及多梯度供-储协同调度策略，以探讨实现系统经济效益、环境效益和调度稳定性综合最优决策方案。实验结果表明，与粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法、灰狼优化(grey wolf optimizer, GWO)算法及冠豪猪(crested porcupine optimizer, CPO)算法相比，改进后的雾凇优化算法在提高系统经济性方面约提升8.7%，减少污染排放约20.6%，并增强小水电站运行稳定性约32.6%。研究结果验证了所提出模型和算法的有效性，为多源能互补系统协调运行优化提供了新的思路。