Under the background of the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” goals, the contradiction between the high proportion of renewable energy grid connection and the reliance on fossil energy has become increasingly prominent. To coordinate low-carbon constraints with energy security, this paper proposes an optimized scheduling model for virtual power plants (VPPs) based on the collaboration of carbon capture and storage (CCS), power-to-gas (P2G), and electric vehicles (EVs). This model builds an integrated framework of “emission reduction - conversion - benefit” by aggregating distributed resources such as gas turbine units, combined heat and power (CHP), wind power, photovoltaic power and EVs: Firstly, CCS is used to capture CO₂; Secondly, through CCS-P2G, CO₂ is converted into methane by utilizing the abandoned wind and photovoltaic energy, and the captured CO₂ is consumed to form a carbon cycle. Finally, aggregated EVs participate in carbon market transactions and increase their profits by using the China certified emission reductions (CCERs) they generate. The case analysis based on Matlab/Cplex shows that compared with the traditional gas-CHP system model, the model proposed in this paper can reduce carbon emissions by 91.3% (from 2,466.9 tons to 214.34 tons), lower the cost of wind and solar power curtailage by 71,457 yuan, and increase the consumption rate of renewable energy. And by selling CCER, the net cost of VPP was reduced by 8,208 yuan. Ultimately, the overall net cost of VPP was reduced by 96,611 yuan. The research verified the effectiveness of multi-technology collaboration in enhancing the economic and environmental benefits of VPP, providing theoretical support and practical paths for the low-carbon transformation of the new power system.