在积极践行“双碳”目标、构建新型能源体系和建设新型电力系统的背景下，加快构建更加灵活、清洁、可持续的低碳能源系统成为能源转型的必经之路。基于对能源生产供应体系所需进行的“五个转变”的分析，阐述了低碳能源系统的内涵特征，明确了其构建思路，并详细探讨了实现低碳能源系统所需关键技术的发展趋势与面临的挑战。在此基础上，从供给侧和需求侧角度列举了2个具体实践案例，并展望了低碳能源系统未来的发展趋势。

In the context of actively implementing the " peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality" goal， building a new energy system and constructing a new power system， accelerating the construction of a more flexible， clean and sustainable low-carbon energy system has become the only way to energy transformation. Based on the analysis of the "five transformations" needed in the energy production and supply system， this paper expounds the connotation and characteristics of low-carbon energy system， clariifies its construction ideas， and discusses the development trends and challenges of key technologies needed to realize low-carbon energy system in detail. On this basis， two practical cases are listed from the perspective of supply side and demand side. Finally， the future development trend of low-carbon energy system is prospected.

随着新能源占比逐渐提高，作为辅助新能源并网的储能技术受到广泛关注。氢储能和燃料电池技术已被我国列为战略性能源技术，并积极应用到市场和企业发展中。电解水制氢可以平抑可再生能源并网带来的波动，帮助电网削峰调频；燃料电池作为提高能源转换率的发电装置，同时具备噪音小、无污染等优势，是消纳可再生能源的有效方式之一。对现有储能技术的发展现状和优势进行对比分析，着重介绍了氢储能系统目前关键技术和研究方向，并对氢储能商业化发展进行展望。

With the gradual increase in the proportion of new energy, energy storage technology, as an auxiliary new energy grid, has attracted wide attention. Hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell technology have been listed as strategic energy technologies in China, and have been actively applied in the market and enterprise development. Hydrogen production from electrolytic water can stabilize the fluctuation caused by the connection of renewable energy to the grid and help the power grid to cut peak and frequency modulation. As a power generation device to improve energy conversion rate, fuel cell has the advantages of low noise and no pollution, it is one of the effective ways to absorb renewable energy. This paper made a comparative analysis of the development status and advantages of the existing energy storage technologies, the key technologies and research directions of hydrogen energy storage system were introduced emphatically, and the commercial development of hydrogen energy storage was prospected.

电力需求侧可控的负荷、发电和储能资源统称为灵活资源，这些资源对智能电网的优化运行和消纳新能源发电具有重要作用。首先提出了一种通用灵活资源模型，该模型能够统一描述需求侧居民、商业、工业多类型灵活资源的特性，并能同时描述大规模灵活资源的集总用电需求。基于所提的通用灵活资源模型，构建了一种包含日前和实时阶段大规模多类型需求侧灵活资源的分层协调控制架构，该构架考虑了垂直调度和电力市场条件下电力系统的运行机制，在2种运行机制下都能够有效地利用多类型灵活资源的可调节能力提升电网整体的运行效率。将所提灵活资源模型嵌入到IEEE 30节点系统的机组组合问题中进行仿真，验证了所提分层式协调控制架构的有效性。

Controllable loads, on-site generation and energy storages at demand-side are termed as distributed energy resources. These resources are vital for optimal operation of smart grid and renewable integration. This paper first proposes a generalized flexible resource model to characterize a variety of flexible resources at the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. The characteristics of an aggregation of heterogeneous distributed energy resources can be also described via this proposed model. This paper then presents a hierarchical control framework to coordinate their energy consumption in day-ahead and real time under both regulated and deregulated scenarios. This framework can utilize the flexibility of distributed energy resources to improve the operational efficiency of the whole system. Finally, This paper presents numerical simulations on a unit commitment problem of IEEE 30-bus system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical control framework.

为深入探讨虚拟电厂在碳减排中的作用，实现低碳经济体系的有效运转，提出了一种考虑碳交易与需求响应的虚拟电厂低碳经济调度模型。首先，构建了虚拟电厂参与碳交易市场的模型，以约束其碳排放；其次，根据负荷需求响应的特性，分别建立了价格型和替代型需求响应模型；最后，设计了一个以最小化虚拟电厂总运行成本为目标的低碳经济调度模型。通过对4种情景结果进行对比分析，以验证该模型的有效性。此外，还考察了碳交易价格及需求响应参数变化对系统运行的影响。 研究结果表明：同时考虑碳交易与需求响应不仅能够显著降低系统总运行成本，还能减少实际碳排放量；系统总运行成本与碳交易价格呈正相关，而实际碳排放量则与之呈负相关；同时，需求响应参数的变化也会对运行成本和碳排放量产生一定影响。该模型在虚拟电厂调度过程中兼顾了系统运营的经济性与低碳性，实现了“削峰填谷”的效果，提升了系统运行灵活性。

In order to deeply explore the role of virtual power plant in carbon emission reduction and realize the effective operation of low carbon economy， a low carbon economic dispatch model of virtual power plants considering carbon trading and demand response is proposed. Firstly， a model of the virtual power plant participating in the carbon trading market is constructed to restrict its carbon emissions. Secondly， according to the characteristics of load demand response， price demand response model and alternative demand response model are established respectively. Finally， a low carbon economic dispatch model is designed to minimize the total operating cost of the virtual power plant. Through the comparative analysis of the results of the four scenarios， the effectiveness of the model is verified. In addition， the influence of carbon trading price and demand response parameters on system operation is investigated. The results show that considering carbon trading and demand response simultaneously can not only significantly reduce the total operating cost of the system， but also reduce the actual carbon emissions. The total operating cost of the system is positively correlated with the carbon trading price， while the actual carbon emissions are negatively correlated with it. At the same time， the change of demand response parameters will also have a certain impact on the operating cost and carbon emissions. In the process of virtual power plant scheduling， the model takes into account the economy and low carbon of system operation， realizes the effect of “peak clipping and valley filling”， and improves the flexibility of system operation.