储能在解决可再生能源发电不稳定性、间歇性问题上具有提高电网输配容量和控制电频波动的作用。合理的经济效益收益模式是储能发展的关键，为明确当前电力现货市场环境下储能系统的合理经济收益模式及主要影响因素，挖掘我国储能市场潜力，通过优劣势(strengths weakness opportunity threats, SWOT)分析模型分析其内外部环境。在此基础上，基于储能参与辅助服务市场和电力现货市场交易的特性分析，采用内部收益率(internal rate of return，IRR)模型，以江苏省某储能系统为例，研究在电力现货市场下储能系统经济效益量化的问题。以经济效益最大为目标构建模型并利用线性规划进行求解，在多个情景下验证电力现货市场下储能系统的经济效益。最后，从技术和经济2个不同角度，通过案例研究影响当前储能系统经济性的最主要因素，算例结果表明：基于技术角度，充放电循环次数是主要影响因素；基于政策定价角度，峰谷价差水平是主要影响因素。随着我国储能系统投资成本及技术水平的进步，在电力现货市场全面放开的背景下，储能系统将具有越来越强的经济效益。

Energy storage can improve the transmission and distribution capacity of power grid and control the fluctuation of power frequency in solving the problems of instability and intermittence of renewable energy generation. Reasonable economic benefit model is the key to the development of energy storage. In order to clarify the reasonable economic benefit model and main influencing factors of energy storage system in the current electricity spot market environment and tap the potential of China's energy storage market, this paper analyzes its internal and external environment through strengths weakness opportunity threats (SWOT) analysis. On this basis, based on the analysis of the characteristics of energy storage participating in the auxiliary service market and the electricity spot market, the internal rate of return (IRR) model is adopted, and an energy storage system in Jiangsu province is taken as an example to study the quantification of the economic benefits of the energy storage system in the electricity spot market. The economic benefits of the energy storage system in the spot electricity market are verified in several scenarios by building a model with the goal of maximizing economic benefits and solving it by using linear programming. Finally, from two different angles of technology and economy, the most important factors of current energy storage system economy are found through case study. The calculation results show that, from the technical point of view, the number of charge and discharge cycles is the main influencing factor; Based on policy pricing, the peak-valley price difference level is the main influencing factor. With the progress of investment cost and technical level of energy storage system in China, energy storage system will have stronger and stronger economic benefits under the background of full liberalization of power spot market.

储能在建立清洁能源为核心的现代能源体系中扮演重要角色。新型电力系统下储能技术主要应用于促进新能源消纳、参与电力市场辅助服务和支撑构网型储能源网荷储系统建设等方面。首先，总结了储能结构、分类，并按电源侧、电网侧、用户侧分别介绍储能的应用特征。接着，探讨了储能在电网侧促进新能源消纳方式，并介绍“电制氢”技术方式促进新能源消纳。其次，介绍构网型储能源网荷储建设及其典型工程，源网荷储主体多元化大力推动了新能源发展，实现能源利用最大化。最后，总结电力辅助服务国内外发展及典型储能案例并对储能未来发展趋势进行展望。

Energy storage plays an important role in establishing a modern energy system with clean energy as the core. In the new power system, the energy storage technology is mainly applied to promote the consumption of new energy, participate in the auxiliary service of the power market and support the construction of grid-load storage system. Firstly, the structure and classification of energy storage are summarized, and the application characteristics of energy storage are introduced according to power side, grid side and user side respectively. Then, it discusses the way of energy storage promoting new energy consumption on the grid side, and introduces the technology of "electric hydrogen production" to promote new energy consumption. Secondly, the construction of grid-load storage and its typical projects are introduced. The diversification of source grid load storage subjects greatly promotes the development of new energy and realizes the maximization of energy utilization. Finally, the development of power auxiliary services at home and abroad and typical energy storage cases are summarized, and the future development trend of energy storage is prospected.

绝热式压缩空气储能系统具有大容量、长时、安全、稳定和灵活等特点。在该类储能系统中,换热器作为关键部件,对系统效率具有重要影响。通过建立绝热式压缩空气储能热力系统模型,分析了换热器端差、空气侧压降对系统效率的影响,同时综合评价了换热器成本。结果表明:换热器上端差的增加会导致系统效率降低,在实际工程设计时,应使下端差与上端差相匹配;相比于高压级换热器,低压级换热器的空气侧压降对系统效率的影响更大;换热器的端差越小、压降越低,系统效率越高,但是设备成本也越高,因此在满足系统效率要求的前提下存在最优的端差和压降组合使换热器成本最优。

Adiabatic compressed air energy storage system has the characteristics of large capacity, long-term performance, safety, stability, and flexibility. In this type of energy storage system, the heat exchangers, as key components, have particularly important impact on system efficiency. Therefore, by establishing an adiabatic compressed air energy storage thermal system model, the impact of heat exchanger final temperature difference and air side pressure drop on system efficiency was analysed, and the cost of heat exchangers was comprehensively evaluated. Results show that, the increase of the upper final temperature difference of heat exchangers can lead to a decrease in system efficiency, and the lower final temperature difference should be matched with the upper final temperature difference in practical engineering design. Compared to high-pressure heat exchangers, the air side pressure drop of low-pressure heat exchangers has a greater impact on system efficiency. The smaller the final temperature difference and pressure drop of the heat exchangers, the higher the system efficiency, but the higher the equipment cost. Therefore, there is an optimal combination of final temperature difference and pressure drop to minimize the cost of the heat exchangers while meeting the system efficiency requirements.

先进绝热压缩空气储能(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage，AA-CAES)能够提高新能源消纳率，是新型电力系统的关键技术。由于AA-CAES系统的压缩机采用离心式压缩机，在运行过程中存在喘振与阻塞现象，严重影响系统的安全运行。为此，该文研究AA-CAES系统压缩侧安全控制策略。首先，提出基于压缩机质量流率斜率的喘振和阻塞现象的简易判断方法，确定压缩机在给定转速下允许流过的空气质量流率的范围；然后，设计压缩子系统的防喘振和阻塞控制策略，利用可变流量法通过控制压缩机的进口导叶角度来限制压缩机空气质量流率的范围；最后，分别在启停工况和并网运行工况下进行仿真，验证了该控制策略的有效性。

Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) can improve the rate of new energy consumption, and it is a key technology for new power systems. Since the compressor of the AA-CAES system adopts a centrifugal compressor, there is a phenomenon of surge and blockage during the operation, which seriously affects the safe operation of the system. In this paper, the safety control strategy of the compression side of the AA-CAES system is investigated. Firstly, a simple judgement method of the surge and blockage phenomena based on the slope of the compressor mass flow rate is proposed, and the range of the compressor's allowable mass flow rate of air flowing through the compressor at a given rotational speed is determined. Then, the anti-surge and blockage control strategy of the compression subsystem is designed to limit the range of compressor air mass flow rate by controlling the angle of the inlet guide vane of the compressor using the variable flow method. Finally, simulations are carried out under the start-stop condition and grid-connected operation condition to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy.

发展基于可再生能源为主体的新型电力系统，支撑“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的实现，由于风、光等可再生能源的间歇性、波动性、周期性等特点，需要集成大规模长时储能系统，提升风光等可再生能源发电的品质与可控性，压缩空气储能具有效率高、成本低、环境友好等优点，被认为是最具发展潜力的大规模长时储能技术。压缩空气储能系统通常为定容储气，因此其储能(储气)过程与释能(释气)过程处于动态，本工作围绕储/释能过程的压力变化，开展了压缩空气储能系统不同运行模式特性研究，建立了部件的动态模型，通过仿真获得了系统主要部件的工作特性，以及系统的总体性能。研究结果表明，在释能过程采取定压和滑压结合模式和扩大储气室压力变化范围可以提高TS-CAES系统效率和能量密度。释能时间为6 h，系统效率和能量密度分别为 73.98%、26.49 MJ/m³。

Renewable energy is aimed to be the main part of a new electrical system to support the strategic goal of "Carbon Peak, Carbon Neutrality"; however, due to the drawbacks of intermittence, fluctuation, and periodicity of renewable energy, large-scale, long-duration energy storage systems urgently need to improve the quality and flexibility of renewable energy. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is considered one of the most promising large-scale long-duration energy storage technologies with high efficiency, low cost, and environment-friendly merits. Generally, the CAES system utilizes constant-volume storage caverns. Thus, the charging and discharging processes are under dynamic conditions, especially the storage pressure. Various CAES operation modes, including dynamic component features, are investigated due to the dynamic pressure conditions and system modeling. Similarly, the operation characteristics and performance of both component-level and system-level are analyzed. The results show that the combination of constant pressure and sliding pressure mode in the discharging process, and enlarging the pressure range of the air chamber, can improve the round-trip efficiency and energy density of the TS-CAES system, which are 73.98% and 26.49 MJ/m³, respectively, at the discharging time of 6 hours.

目的 压缩空气储能是大容量、长周期、低成本、高效率的一种储能技术，由于气态压缩空气储能受制于储气室的苛刻要求，无法多场景、规模化推广应用，因此提出一种非补燃液态压缩空气储能系统。 方法 构建了系统理论计算模型，对系统内压缩机级间温度、压缩机级数、透平入口温度等关键参数进行了敏感性分析，同时与非补燃气态压缩空气储能系统进行了对比。 结果 压缩机级间温度过低或过高都会制约系统电-电转化效率的提升；压缩机级数与压缩机耗功呈现正相关趋势，与透平发电功率呈现负相关趋势；在入口压力相同的条件下，透平入口温度越高，发电功率越大，电-电转化效率越高；与非补燃气态储能系统相比，非补燃液态储能密度增加了3.7倍，储气室容积缩小了9/10。 结论 非补燃液态压缩空气储能系统有效解决了储气室的难题，使压缩空气储能技术能够在多场景、规模化推广应用，对火电机组深度调峰及电网大容量储能具有重要意义。

Objectives Compressed air energy storage is a type of energy storage technology with large capacity, long cycle, low cost and high efficiency. Due to the strict requirements of gas storage chambers, gaseous compressed air energy storage cannot be widely promoted and applied in multiple scenarios and on a large scale. Therefore, a non-supplementary combustion liquid compressed air energy storage system was proposed. Methods A theoretical calculation model was constructed to conduct sensitivity analysis on key parameters such as compressor interstage temperature, number of compressor stages, and turbine inlet temperature within the system. The results were compared with those of a non-supplementary combustion gaseous compressed air energy storage system. Results Too low or too high interstage temperature in compressors will restrict the improvement of electric-electric conversion efficiency of the system. The number of compressor stages is positively correlated with compressor power consumption, and negatively correlated with the turbine power generation. Under the same inlet pressure, the higher the inlet air temperature of the turbine is, the larger the power generation is, and the higher the electric-electric conversion efficiency is. Compared with the non-supplementary combustion gaseous energy storage system, the density of non-supplementary combustion liquid energy storage system is increased by 3.7 times, and the volume of the storage chamber is decreased by 9/10. Conclusions The non-supplementary combustion liquid compressed air energy storage system effectively solves the problem of gas storage chambers, enabling compressed air energy storage technology to be promoted and applied in multiple scenarios and on a large scale. It is of great significance for deep peak shaving of thermal power units and large-scale energy storage in power grids.

由于压缩空气储能系统在储气过程中，储气库中压缩空气的压力和温度不断发生变化，会直接影响压缩机的输出功率和实际储气量，以管线钢作为储气库的形式为例，采用数值求解微分方程的方法首先分析了15 m管线钢在绝热工况下压缩空气的温升效应，并采用Fluent进行仿真验证。在考虑管线钢温升以及不同传热工况下，对3 024 m的长距离管线钢进行了储气过程的热力计算，并将储气过程与压缩机做功过程进行耦合计算，获得储气过程中压缩空气的压力和温度，压缩机的输出功率、储气库实际储气量等参数的变化规律。结果表明：当综合传热系数为0 W/（m²·K）、1 W/（m²·K）、5 W/（m²·K）和25 W/（m²·K）时，充气结束时的压缩空气质量平均温度分别为315.39 K、311.65 K、301.52 K和291.35 K，储气量分别为244.64 t、252.60 t、275.77 t和301.35 t。

Since the pressure and temperature of the compressed air in the gas storage are constantly changing during gas storage process in the compressed air energy storage system, which directly affects the output power of the compressor and the actual gas storage capacity, the temperature rise effect of the compressed air under adiabatic condition of 15 m pipeline steel was analyzed by numerical solution of differential equation, taking a gas storage of pipeline steel as an example. And Fluent was used for simulation verification. Considering the temperature rise of the pipeline steel and different heat transfer conditions, the thermal calculation for the gas storage process of the long-distance pipeline steel of 3 024 m was carried out. The coupling calculation of the gas storage process and the work process of the compressor was processed to obtain the change rules of the pressure and temperature of the compressed air in the gas storage process, the output power of the compressor, the actual gas storage capacity of the gas storage and other parameters. Results show that the mass mean temperatures of the compressed air at the end of inflation were 315.39 K, 311.65 K, 301.52 K and 291.35 K, and the gas storage capacities were 244.64 t, 252.60 t, 275.77 t and 301.35 t, when the comprehensive heat transfer coefficients of 0 W/(m²·K), 1 W/(m²·K),5 W/(m²·K) and 25 W/(m²·K) were adopted respectively.

近年来，压缩空气储能作为新型储能的一种重要类型，受到业界越来越多的关注。自2021年以来已有多个10 MW级以上项目陆续并网，压缩空气储能的技术正在逐步成熟，产业化进程开始加速。本文首先简要介绍了压缩空气储能的技术路线和4个关键环节，并将后续研究聚焦于目前技术相对成熟且工程应用最多的绝热压缩空气储能。接着通过梳理分析已建、在建和规划项目的技术经济指标，总结提出技术经济特点及发展趋势。在技术层面，压缩空气储能具有运行寿命长、涉网性能良好、安全风险小等优势，未来将向大规模、高效率、系统化方向发展。在经济层面，压缩空气储能目前造价水平较高，随着产业成熟和技术进步，未来基于盐穴和人工硐室储气的压缩空气储能造价有望低于现有大中型抽水蓄能造价水平，基于管线钢的压缩空气储能造价有望与同等规模中小型抽水蓄能造价水平相当。最后，本文讨论了压缩空气储能的投资成本回收问题，在当前市场环境下压缩空气储能难以获得合理投资回报，需要政策引导支持。建议按照由点及面、示范先行的思路，初期从示范项目入手给予一定电价政策。

In recent years, compressed air energy storage (CAES) has garnered much research attention as an important type of new energy storage. Since 2021, several 10 MW CAES projects were completed and connected to power systems. This technology has gradually matured and industrialized. In this study, the main technology roadmaps and four key parts of CAES are briefly introduced. Then the study focuses on advanced adiabatic CAES (AA-CAES), which is currently the most widely used technology. After the technical and economic data of the existing and planning projects are analyzed, the characteristics and development trends of CAES are summarized. With respect to its technical aspects, CAES has long operation lifespan, system-friendly performance, and low security risk. In the future, CAES can be developed in a larger scale, with improved efficiency and increased system application. With respect to its economic aspects, CAES has relatively high cost of construction. With further development in the industry and progress in technology, CAES based on salt-cave-air-storage and artificial-chamber-air-storage will be cheaper than the current large-and-middle-sized pumped storage, and CAES based on pipeline-steel-air-storage may become as cheap as small-and-middle-sized pumped storage of comparable scale. In the end, this paper discusses the investment payback of CAES. Under the current market environment, CAES projects can hardly receive reasonable profits. Therefore, there is a need for supporting policies. Thus, it is recommended that policies can first be implemented on several demonstration projects and then price support can be offered to a certain extent.