[Objective]To address the challenges of insufficient renewable energy accommodation, low carbon resource utilization efficiency, and inadequate coordinated operation in virtual power plants (VPPs) with a high penetration of renewable energy and waste-to-energy (WtE) power plants, a low-carbon optimal scheduling model incorporating power-to-gas (P2G) coordination, carbon capture, and carbon-green certificate trading is proposed.[Methods]A coordinated operation framework integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS), power-to-gas (P2G), and gas-fired generating units is established. Multiple energy resources, including thermal power units, waste-to-energy power plants, wind power, photovoltaic generation, and energy storage systems, are incorporated into a unified scheduling framework to realize the coordinated optimization of electricity, heat, gas, and carbon resources. Furthermore, a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism and green certificate trading revenue are introduced to achieve the coordinated optimal scheduling of multiple energy resources.[Results]Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively promotes carbon resource recycling. The ladder-type carbon trading mechanism strengthens carbon emission reduction incentives, increasing the emission reduction rate from 30.9% to 53.0% under the same carbon price. In addition, green certificate trading further improves renewable energy accommodation. Under the proposed coordinated mechanism, the total system operating cost is reduced from RMB 2.9050 million to RMB 2.4364 million, representing a 16.13% reduction, while significantly enhancing renewable energy utilization and the comprehensive economic and environmental performance of the system.[Conclusions]By integrating P2G coordination with carbon and green certificate trading mechanisms, the proposed model achieves the coordinated optimal scheduling of multiple energy resources. It effectively promotes carbon resource recycling while simultaneously improving economic performance and low-carbon operation, thereby providing an effective approach for the optimal scheduling of VPPs with high shares of renewable energy and waste-to-energy power plants.